In this paper a new experimental technique for measuring the switching dynamics and extracting the energy consumption of Spin Transfer Torque MRAM (STT-MRAM) device is presented.This technique is performed by a real-time current reading while a pulsed bias is applied.The switching from a high resistive state, anti-parallel (AP) alignment, to a Cock
AbstractThis study examines the interaction of conflicting preferences among directors, performance pay, and group effort.I model a corporate board Art by Era in which directors voluntarily choose to research (or not research) an investment decision made by the board on behalf of the firm.Free-riding among directors creates a need for performance p
Abstract Background Microalgae hold promise for yielding a biofuel feedstock that is sustainable, carbon-neutral, distributed, and only minimally disruptive for the production of food and feed by traditional agriculture.Amongst oleaginous eukaryotic algae, the B race of Botryococcus braunii is unique in that it produces large amounts of liquid hydr